International Journal of Healthcare Professions
Basic information: International Journal of Healthcare Professions, IJHP, is the official peer reviewed Journal of Green International University, Lahore. IJHP is open access journal being published quarterly. ISSN (Print) 3078-3488 ISSN (Online) 3078-3496 Abbreviation: Int. J. Health. Prof. Alias: IJHP Email: ijhp@giu.edu.pk Correspondence address (Principal contact): Prof. Dr. Fahad Tanveer (Editor-in-Chief) International Journal of Healthcare Professions Green International University, Lahore, Pakistan. Publication Frequency: QUARTERLY (March, June, September & December) Aims and Scope: The journal's aim is to promote improvement in health care and health education. Primarily, being a medical journal it covers all fields focusing in the areas of health including basic & clinical medical sciences, medical & dental subspecialties, rehabilitation sciences, allied health sciences, clinical psychology, public health and medical educational research. Original research articles, review articles, practical updates, case reports, short communication, opinion articles, letter to editor are being evaluated by editorial board and peer reviewers before publication in the journal. IJHP follows the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) uniform requirements for manuscripts submitted to medical journals (updated on http://www.icmje.org/recommendations/). IJHP also follows the policies of World Association of Medical Editors (WAME) and Pakistan Association of Medical Editors (PAME). SPONSORS Green International University, Lahore, PAKISTAN Sources of Support Higher Education Commission (HEC), Islamabad, Pakistan Fee & Subscription Charges Article Processing Fee: NONE Article Publication Fee (National): NONE Article Publication Fee (International ): NONE Printed Version (Selected Articles on Authors Request): NONE Annual Subscription for Printed Versions For Institutes: NONE Single Copy (Selected Articles): NONE Waiver Policy We do not want charges to prevent the publication of worthy material. Submissions Submission are welcome and may be submitted here ijhp@giu.edu.pk
This is an open-access journal and all the published articles / items are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. For comments ijhp@giu.edu.pk
Enhance the knowledge and practice of nurses regarding disaster management in public hospital in Lahore
Background and Objectives: Disasters, both natural and man-made, pose significant challenges to healthcare systems worldwide. Nurses, as frontline responders, play a crucial role in disaster management and patient care. Despite their essential role, studies highlight a gap in disaster preparedness among nurses, especially in develop- ing countries. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of a disaster management training program on the knowl- edge and practice of nurses working in a public hospital in Lahore, Pakistan. METHODOLOGY: An interventional study using a descriptive correlational design was conducted at Ali Fatima Hospital, Lahore. A total of 30 nurses, selected through simple random sampling, participated. Data were collect- ed using a validated adaptive questionnaire comprising demographic variables and multiple-choice questions assessing knowledge and practice related to disaster management. Pre- and post-intervention assessments were analyzed using SPSS (version 25). Descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation) and inferential statistics (paired t-test) were applied, with a significance level set at p< 0.05. RESULTS: Participants were all female nurses, evenly distributed between the 20–25 and 26–30 years age groups. Pre-intervention knowledge scores averaged 43%, indicating moderate preparedness. Following the training intervention, mean knowledge and practice scores significantly improved to 83% (p = 0.000). Improve- ments were noted across all core domains, including triage, disaster response, patient care priorities, and recovery planning. The paired t-test confirmed a statistically significant difference between pre- and post-intervention mean scores (6.53 ± 1.22 vs. 12.43 ± 1.54). CONCLUSION: The disaster management training program significantly enhanced the knowledge and practice of nurses in disaster preparedness and response. Integrating such programs into continuous professional develop- ment and nursing curricula is essential to strengthen the healthcare system’s readiness during emergencies. Expanding the sample size and applying this intervention across multiple institutions is recommended for broader applicability. KEYWORDS: Disaster management, nursing education, preparedness, training, Lahore, public hospital.
Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal of Healthcare Professions https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of Nursing Intervention for Management and Prevention of Needle Stick Injuries among Student Nurses
Background and Objectives: Needle stick injuries (NSIs) are a significant occupational hazard among student nurses. This study evaluates the effectiveness of a nursing intervention program designed to manage and prevent NSIs. NSIs pose a serious threat of infection transmission, including hepatitis B contagion (HBV), hepatitis C contagion (HCV), and mortal immunodeficiency contagion (HIV)(Al-Mugheed, Farghaly et al. 2023). METHODOLOGY: A quasi-experimental design was employed involving student nurses from Nursing School. The intervention included education sessions, hands-on training. RESULTS: Post-intervention data showed a significant reduction in the incidence of NSIs among the partici- pants. Additionally, there was an improvement in knowledge and practices related to NSI prevention and man- agement. The post survey showed the significant result of (<0.001). CONCLUSION: The nursing intervention program was effective in reducing NSIs and enhancing preventive measures among student nurses. KEYWORDS: Needle stick injuries (NSIs),Student nurses,Nursing intervention program, Prevention Hepatitis B (HBV) , Hepatitis C (HCV), HIV, Quasi-experimental design ,Education sessions
Ayesha shabir , Zartasha Naheed Akthar , Farah Mubeen
Effects of Modulating Environmental Stimuli on pain experience During IV Cannulation in Neonates in NICUs
Background and Objectives: To assess the nurse’s knowledge regarding effects of modulating environmental stimuli on pain experience during IV Cannulation in neonates in NICUs. To evaluate the nurse’s knowledge after nursing interventions of environmental stimuli on pain experience during IV-Cannulation in Neonates in NICUs. METHODOLOGY: A quasi-experimental study design was conducted in Ali Fatima Hospital Lahore. The study involved 30 participants’ female nurses who were chosen using a combination of universal and convenient sam- pling method. The date collection process involved the use of modifier Questionnaires. Questionnaires section consisted a non-randomized controlled trial with pre and post tests which aimed to assessing the knowledge of nurses and to evaluate the knowledge after nursing interventions. The intervention group (n=30) nurses received the comprehensive knowledge about pain management in Neonates in NICUs. After that, the data was analyzed using the SPSS software. RESULTS: The sample consists of 30 participants. 56.7% (17 participants) are aged between 20-22 years. 43.3% (13 participants) are aged between 23-25 years. All participants (100%) are female, indicating a gender-specific sample. 33.3% (10 participants) hold a diploma. 66.7% (20 participants) have a degree. The significant increase in knowledge scores from pre-intervention (mean = 9.4000) to post-intervention (mean = 13.9667) indicates that the intervention (modulating environmental stimuli) effectively enhanced nurses' knowledge regarding the man- agement of pain during IV -Cannulation in neonates. The p-value (Sig. 2-tailed) is .000, indicating a statistically significant improvement. CONCLUSION: The sample consists of 30 participants. 56.7% (17 participants) are aged between 20-22 years. 43.3% (13 participants) are aged between 23-25 years. All participants (100%) are female, indicating a gender-specific sample. 33.3% (10 participants) hold a diploma. 66.7% (20 participants) have a degree. The significant increase in knowledge scores from pre-intervention (mean = 9.4000) to post-intervention (mean = 13.9667) indicates that the intervention (modulating environmental stimuli) effectively enhanced nurses' knowl- edge regarding the management of pain during IV -Cannulation in neonates. The p-value (Sig. 2-tailed) is .000, indicating a statistically significant improvement. KEYWORDS: Neonates, nicu, IV cannulation, pain, environmental stimuli, randomized controlled trial.
Amna Zia, Iqra khan , Abida Parveen , Ms. Hajra sarwer , Ms. Alina Hameed , Amina Kainat , Kanwal zubair
Effects of educational program on Nurses knowledge and practice regarding management of peripheral vascular access at tertiary care hospital
Background and Objectives: In the healthcare industry, effective communication is essential, but intern students frequently struggle with it, which can result in mistakes and unfavorable outcomes. To assess the level of knowl- edge and practice of nurses regarding the management of peripheral vascular access. METHODOLOGY: The technical design included research design, setting, participants and tools of data collec- tion. A quasi experimental design was used pre, post and fallow up after 2 months to evaluate the effect of an educational program on nurses' practice regarding management of peripheral vascular acces.the study was conducted in the intensive care units (ICUs) and Medical Departments at Ali Fatima Hospital in Lahore city. Con- venient sample of all available nurses (50 nurses) divided into 36 nurses in I.C.U units and 14 nurses in medical departments who are caring patients undergoing peripheral vascular access working in the above mentioned units at the time of the study RESULTS: Hedges' g and Cohen's d both show that there is a statistically significant and practically significant difference in knowledge between before and after the intervention. This firmly demonstrates the intervention's efficacy. CONCLUSION: There was significant improvement in nurses’ practice between pre and immediately post program implementations. Also there was a significant relation among factors affecting nurses practice and demographic characteristics of all the participants nurses regarding mainly to years of experience, education level and age. KEYWORDS: Healthcare, communication, nurses, Intensive care unit, knowledge
Kinza Babar , Raheela , Sheeza , Amina kainat , Kanwal Zubair
Accuracy of ultrasound for the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis
Background and Objectives: The interaction of light with materials, particularly at the nanoscale, forms the foun- dation of many modern optical and photonic technologies. Among these materials, silver stands out as a preferred choice due to its remarkable optical and electrical properties, including its ability to support low-loss surface plas- mon resonances in the visible and near-infrared spectrum. To find the accuracy of ultrasonography in acute pancre- atitis taking computed tomography as a gold standard. METHODOLOGY: Cross-sectional analytical study conducted at the Department of Radiology, Jinnah Hospital Lahore, Pakistan. 163 patients were enrolled in our study. The inclusion criteria of our study were; all patients of both genders aged 18-65 years, presenting with severe acute abdominal pain and epigastric pain with the age group 15 -70 years included in this study. The exclusion criteria included Post-operative case, and lower abdominal pain. All patients underwent CT scan and reports were interpreted by the radiologist. Ultrasonography findings were compared with CT scan findings. RESULTS: The sensitivity of ultrasound was recorded as 95%, Specificity was 100%. The PPV were 100% and NPV was 27.27 %. In 95% of the cases, the ultrasound was accurate identified pancreatitis. The computed tomog- raphy also confirm pancreatitis in n= 160 (98%) while three participant pancreatitis were not diagnosed. CONCLUSION: Ultrasonography is a highly sensitive & accurate noninvasive method in diagnosing acute pancreatitis. It has not only improved ability of detection of acute pancreatitis but also better patient care by proper preoperative planning and management of acute pancreatitis patients. KEYWORDS: Acute pancreatitis, Ultrasonography, Sensitivity, Specificity, CT scan.
Zafar Iqbal , Zain ul Abidin , Rana Sohaib , Talha Khalid
Shaping Evidence-Driven Practice: The Evolving Role of Healthcare Research
Evidence-based practice has become a defining pillar of contemporary healthcare. More than ever, clinicians are required to make decisions that reflect not only empathy but also the support of credible, rigorously tested research (1). When clinical actions are guided by strong evidence, patient care becomes safer, outcomes improve, professional responsibility is rein- forced, and variations in practice are reduced. In an increasingly complex healthcare landscape, relying on a solid research base has shifted from being an advan- tage to a fundamental necessity.
Triage related Knowledge and Practice among nurses in Ali Fatima Hospital Lahore.
Background and Objectives: Triage is a solution to the issue of overcrowding, and the effectiveness of the judge- ments made by the triage unit influences how well nurses perform in the long run. Triage can significantly lower the mortality rate. The use of a rapid triage system is necessary to guarantee that patients receive the best care possible in emergency situations. Our study's objective is to evaluate the triage nurses' knowledge and proficien- cy. METHODOLOGY: A simple descriptive correlational study was conducted at the Ali Fatima Hospital to deter- mine nurses’ knowledge and skills regarding triage. RESULTS: There is no statistically significant relationship between knowledge and skills. Results show the low percentage of knowledge was (53.3%), moderate percentage of knowledge was (12%), high percentage of knowl- edge was (14.1%) and very high percentage of knowledge was (20.7%). The respondents with less than one year of experience have a high level of knowledge with p-value (0.004). The participants with bachelor’s degree found out to have poor knowledge with p-value (0.000). Therefore, Experience and education have association with knowledge. Conversely, the results indicate that the low level of competence was (<60%) where the mean score was 2.77 (SD=0.799), the intermediate level of skill was (60-80%) where the mean score was 0.130 (SD=0.49), and the high level of ability was (80%) where the mean score was 0.0109 (SD=0.104). CONCLUSION: The findings indicate that Ali Fatima Hospital's triage nurses lack sufficient knowledge. It was discovered that both the triage knowledge and the triage skill were at low levels. The majority of our study's find- ings were negative. The semiprivate hospital provided the data. It is recommended that nursing personnel receive training that includes information on how to grasp triage in their departments. KEYWORDS: Triage, practice and knowledge , Nurses, Skills
Sidra Iqbal CH , Amina Kainat , Kanwal Zubair , Sehreem hanif , Kainat Fakhar
Analysis of Prothrombin Time in Hepatitis C Patients
Background and Objectives: Various clotting proteins are synthesized in the liver and any impairment in the liver results in multiple coagulation abnormalities. To determine the prevalence of increased level of Prothrombin Time (PT) in patients with cirrhosis and to compare the levels of Prothrombin Time along with International Nor- malized Ratio (INR) in patients of Hepatitis C with and without Liver Cirrhosis. METHODOLOGY: A retrospective study was conducted in Sheikh Zaid Hospital, Lahore in the Gastroenterolo- gy department. The study was conducted during the 3 months from May to July, 2023. The study involved 80 patients, out of which 43 were females and 37 were males with multiple age groups ranging from 30 to 85 years. These patients were further divided into 55 patients with Hepatitis C without liver cirrhosis and 25 patients with Hepatitis C with liver Cirrhosis. Immuno-Assay Special Chemistry Analyzer (Access 2) and Sysmex CS-1600 were used to detect the HCV positive patients and to analyze the coagulation profile. A self-designed Performa was used to collect the patient data. Data were entered and analyzed by using excel and displayed by using Tables and Bar Charts. RESULTS: The results indicated that out of 80 patients Prothrombin Time (PT) was normal in 26 patients of Hep- atitis C without Cirrhosis, high in 34 patients of Hepatitis C with and without Cirrhosis, and extremely high in 10 patients of Hepatitis C with Cirrhosis. Similarly, International Normalized Ratio (INR) was normal in 14 patients of Hepatitis C without Cirrhosis, high in 59 patients of Hepatitis C with and without Cirrhosis, and abnormally high in 7 patients of Hepatitis C with Cirrhosis. CONCLUSION: The conclusion of this study is the abnormalities in the coagulation parameter like Prothrombin Time (PT) depend on the severity and intensity of liver disease. KEYWORDS: Prothrombin Time (PT), International Normalized Ratio (INR), Hepatitis, Cirrhosis, Coagulation Profile.
Jawaria Alvi , Taha Sahar , Alia Bibi , Muhammad Usman , Muhammad Raza Ul Hasnain
Prevalence of Gestational Diabetes among Pregnant Wome
Background and Objectives: Diabetes that is initially identified during pregnancy is known as Gestational Diabe- tes. An increased incidence of Type 2 diabetes in mothers and their offspring is associated with gestational diabe- tes, a condition that poses a significant risk to both parties. To determine the prevalence of Gestational Diabetes among Pregnant Women, frequency of Gestational Diabetes in Pregnant Women on the Basis of Age and frequen- cy of Gestational Diabetes in Pregnant Women on the Base of Trimester. METHODOLOGY: A retrospective study was conducted in the Gynecology Department of Ali Fatima Hospital Lahore, Punjab. The study was conducted during the 3 months from May to July, 2024. We examined 170 expect- ant mothers aged between 26 to 45 years. We compared 12 pregnant women diagnosed with diabetes (7.1%) with 158 pregnant women who were not diagnosed (92.9%). A self-designed Performa was used to collect the patient data. Data were entered and analyzed by using excel and displayed by using Tables and Bar Charts. RESULTS: We utilized the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) to determine the prevalence of gestational diabe- tes. Among the 158 pregnant women without diabetes, 12 (7.1%) were found to have gestational diabetes. The age range of pregnant women diagnosed with gestational diabetes varied from 15 to 45 years. Most instances of gestational diabetes are detected in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy. CONCLUSION: The conclusion of this study is that the frequency of gestational diabetes is significantly influ- enced by age. Therefore, it is recommended that expectant mothers undergo an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) during the latter part of pregnancy to screen for gestational diabetes. KEYWORDS: Gestational diabetes, Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), Gynecology, Trimester
Muhammad Uzair , Zobia Arshad , Taha Sehar , Tousif Haider , Alia Bibi
Effect of Nursing Intervention for knowledge regarding infection control measures among health care workers
Background and Objectives: This study investigates the impact of educational interventions on nurses’ knowledge concerning the infection control measures. The aim was to evaluate whether structured educational session could enhance the awareness levels among health care worker, thereby improving infection control measures. METHODOLOGY: A quasi-experimental design was employed, involving 40 health care workers from one hospital the group received a comprehensive program that included simulation-based training adherence to safety protocol, encompassed various strategies such as hand hygiene promotion and proper use of personnel protective equipment’s and post sessional data were collected through surveys over a four months period. RESULTS: The result shows a significant improvement in compliance with infection control measures (p<0.001). knowledge score about infection control measures improved markedly (p<0.001) among healthcare worker who received an intervention. The mean pre knowledge score (47.80) is significantly lower than the mean post knowledge score (65.30) after the post intervention the healthcare workers knowledge lied in good category which was 60% to 75%. CONCLUSION: The educational intervention significantly enhanced the knowledge among health care workers regarding the infection control measures. Pre intervention awareness was relatively low but the structure education session effectively elevates the healthcare workers understanding and satisfaction. The study methodology and results highlight the effectiveness of targeted educational programs in healthcare settings, suggesting that similar interventions could be beneficial in other medical domains to improve professional competency and patient outcomes’ regarding infection control measures. KEYWORDS: Educational intervention, infection control measures, healthcare workers, knowledge improvement, hand hygiene promotion, personal protective equipment.
SIBGHA NOOR , AMNA JAMSHAID , SANA ANWAR , HAJRA SARWAR
Effect of corneal thickness between different degrees of refractive errors
Background and Objectives: Eyes are the most important organ of human body which is responsible for the vision. enable individual to see, the ability to perceive image which provides information about vision, and enables many photo response functions that are not dependent on vision. The aim of this study is to compare the effect of central corneal thickness on myopic, hyperopic, astigmatic and emmetropes of different age groups. The study involves 60 subjects i.e myopia more than (<-8.0 D), hyperopia more than (< +4.0 D), and astigmatism more than (<-3 D). METHODOLOGY: TThe central corneal thickness was measured with pachymeter and keratometer than all the data entered in Microsoft excel for statistical analysis. Study design will be descriptive cross sectional study design and use proposive sampling technique. Age group will be taken between 15 to 30 years. Exclusion criteria are keratoconus,mentally retared patients, nystagmus, corneal wrapage and wrinkling. Duration of study includes Oct 2020 to May 2021.This study is conducted in Madinah teaching Hospital and Allied Hospital FSD. RESULTS: There was no significant difference between the myopic and hyperopic and emmetropic eyes of different age groups. CONCLUSION: We assume that there is no correlation was found of central corneal thickness on different types of refractive error. KEYWORDS: Degrees of astigmatism, LASIK and LASEK surgery, Refractive errors,
Advancing Global Rehabilitation: A New Era for Healthcare Professionals
The field of rehabilitation is experiencing a profound shift as healthcare systems work to manage the grow- ing prevalence of chronic diseases, disabilities, and age-related declines in function. Today, rehabilitation is acknowledged as an essential pillar of healthcare and a major factor influencing long-term indepen- dence and quality of life (1). This evolution reflects a broader change in how communities perceive health, participation, and overall well-being.
Risk factors for shin splints in running sports
Background and Objectives: Shin splints is pain on anterior side of lower leg below knee and above ankle also called medial Tibial stress syndrome (MTSS).Shin splints are common in players participating in running sports. Risk factors for shin splints in these sports are over activity, playing on hard surface, using inappropriate foot wear, foot deformity in players, no warm up and no stretching. To study risk factors for shin splints in running sports in Lahore. METHODOLOGY: A case control study was conducted in Lahore in 2017 in which 179 players were included and risk factors for shin splints were studied in these players. Data was collected from players, using self-structured questionnaire. RESULTS: Odds ratio for stretching before running was 0.929, and odds ratio for inappropriate foot wear was 0.971, so they were not proved as risk factors for shin splints. Odds ratio for not warming up before running was 1.383, Odds ratio for players playing on hard surfaces was 1.262, Odds ratio for shin splints in players having any foot deformity was 1.048 and odds ratio for players running more than 100km per week was calculated 1.60 so these are proved risk factors. Mean age for players having shin splints was calculated as 22.2 and the range of age for players was 15 to 30. CONCLUSION: Odds ratio for over activity, running on hard surface, foot deformity and players not warming up before running were more than 1, so they are proved as risk factors for shin splints. Two risk factors using inappro- priate foot wear and stretching before running were not proved as risk factors for shin splints. KEYWORDS: Shin plates, sports, medial tibial stress syndrome, players
Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Contact Lens Usage Patterns in Pakistan
Background and Objectives: The COVID-19 pandemic has affected the daily life routine with a reduction in social activities due to lockdown. It has affected the use of contact lenses. The study aimed at evaluating the pattern of contact lens wear and possible explanations for contact lens discontinuation during pandemic in our population. METHODOLOGY: After taking written informed consent a self-designed printed/online questionnaire was given to study participants. Data was entered and analyzed by SPSS version V.25 software. Frequencies and percentages are given for categorical variables. The continuous data is summarized in the form of mean ±standard deviation or median (IQR) depending upon the distribution. The distribution of data was assessed by Shap- iro-Wilk’s statistics. To establish relationship between categorical variables Pearson’s Chi-square test was applied. RESULTS: Our study concludes that the individuals had increased the hygiene and replacement schedules for lenses. Almost half of the study subject discontinued contact lens wear during COVID-19 pandemic. The most frequent cause of discontinuation of contact lens wear was social isolation. CONCLUSION: There is recommendation for contact lens wearers to maintain their contact lens case replace- ment and cleaning habit. If the wearer is feeling sick because of coronavirus, then they should temporary discon- tinued their lenses and after recovery resume wearing their lenses but the new ones. KEYWORDS: Contact lens, COVID-19 impact, Discontinuation, Pattern of CL wear, Contact lens hygiene. CL care, behavior toward CL wear and care
Effects of Nurse-led based educational interventional on knowledge and practice for professional communication skill between inter and intra department among internee students
Background and Objectives: Effective communication is crucial in healthcare, yet intern students often struggle with communication skills, leading to errors and adverse events. To Assess the impact of nurse-led educational interventions on knowledge and practice of communication skills among intern students. METHODOLOGY: A mixed-methods design was used, with a pre-post quasi-experimental study and focus groups. Intern students (n=30) received nurse-led educational interventions, including workshops and simula- tions, focusing on communication skills. Knowledge and practice were assessed using a questionnaire and observed simulations. RESULTS: The mean difference of -8.500 shows that post-knowledge scores are, on average, 8.5 points higher than pre-knowledge scores. The confidence interval (-10.031 to -6.969) confirms that this difference is statistical- ly significant and not due to random variation. The t-value of -11.355 and the degrees of freedom (29) further support the statistical significance of the results. The p-value of 0.000 indicates a highly significant difference between pre-knowledge and post- knowledge scores. CONCLUSION: Key findings from the research suggest that intern nursing students who participated in the nurse led educational program demonstrated marked improvements in their ability to communicate effectively, resolve conflicts, and collaborate with peers and senior staff. This has positive implications for patient care, as effective communication is critical to ensuring safe and coordinated treatment KEYWORDS: nurse-led base educational information, inter department, inter professional communication, knowledge attitude and practice, intern student, standard deviation, statistical package for the social sciences
Areej Arshad, Nageena Noor, Ghazal yasir, Kanwal zubair, Amina kainat
Knowledge, Attitudes, and practice of Nurses on Medication Errors in Saidu Group of Teaching Hospital Swat.
Background and Objectives: Enhancing human health is the primary objective of nurses. Among the most frequent, potentially dangerous mistakes that impact patient care are medication errors. These errors are seen as a worldwide issue that raises death rates, hospital stays, and associated expenses. Aim is to study the medication errors of ordering, dispensing and administering and to compare the errors occur- ring in the Saidu group of teaching hospital with those occurring in the other health care setups around the word. To identify the most common mistake regarding the preparations of medication. To assess nurse’s errors concern- ing administration of medication. To evaluate nurses’ knowledge regarding Post administration of medication. METHODOLOGY: At the Saidu group of teaching hospitals in Swat, a descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out. At Saidu Group of Teaching Hospital SWAT, 79 critical care nurses in total were chosen for the study and given an adopted questionnaire to complete. Questionnaire was consisted of four major parts, the demo- graphic section, knowledge section, attitude section and practice. Data were entered into the SPSS version 26 software for analysis. And the results were represented in the form of frequency and percentages. For ethics stability, consent form is used and ethical approval was granted from college faculty and hospital committee. RESULTS: The mean age in our study was 31 in which 68 % were male while 32% were female. 68% of the study participants (Nurses) label the medication cup and few nurses do not label the medication cup with patient’s name or room number. Only 20% of participant did not report medication error. CONCLUSION: Knowledge about medication process among nurses were good but further need a bit of improvement. KEYWORDS: Medication error, knowledge, Nurse, attitude
Majid Khan, Najmus Saqib, Muhammad Awais, Sadia Yahya
Acceptance of Telemedicine in healthcare customers of District Karachi, Pakistan: a cross-sectional analysis
Background and Objectives: The global healthcare industry faced significant revenue and volume losses follow- ing the emergence of COVID-19 in December 2019. Telemedicine emerged as a potential solution to mitigate these challenges. The primary objectives were to determine the influence of internet browsing and immunosup- pression on telemedicine acceptance and to evaluate the mediating role of fear of acquiring hospital-induced infections (HAI) in this relationship. METHODOLOGY: A quantitative, cross-sectional study was conducted from April to September 2021. Data were collected using a validated online questionnaire distributed to patients, physicians, and health insurance providers in Karachi. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 24, employing correlation, regression, and mediation analysis. A p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: The study found that internet browsing significantly influenced telemedicine acceptance (p < 0.01), while immunosuppression did not (p = 0.39). The mediating role of fear of HAI was partially supported. The model's explanatory power was weak, with an R value of 0.29, indicating limited predictive capability. CONCLUSION: The findings suggest limited acceptance of telemedicine among Karachi's population, high- lighting the need for targeted awareness campaigns and policy adjustments. While internet browsing positively influenced telemedicine acceptance, immunosuppression did not. The study underscores the importance of addressing technological and health-related barriers to improve telemedicine adoption. KEYWORDS: COVID-19, telemedicine, immunosuppression, internet browsing, healthcare acceptance.
From Hesitation to Action: The Power of Health Decision-Making
“Decisions determine destiny”—this is especially relevant for healthcare. All health outcomes — from treating common illnesses to surviving life-threaten- ing diseases — are the result of a chain of decisions. Whether individuals, families, and communities develop and maintain healthy, successful trajectories involves timely, informed, and deliberate decisions on the part of individuals, families, and communities. Whether it’s choosing when to go to a hospital, seek out professional help or follow medical advice, the ramifications of health-related decisions can be lifesaving — or life-threatening.
Investigation of vaginal colonization of bacterial infections in women
Background and Objectives: Vaginal microbiota is responsible for up to 70% reproductive tract infections in women. Bacterial vaginosis is a significant vaginal infection involved in replacing the normal flora of lactobacilli with aerobic and anaerobic opportunistic bacteria. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of bacterial vaginosis in women of reproductive age with the complaint of vaginal discharge in Pakistan. METHODOLOGY: A total of 100 sterile vaginal swab samples were collected from women aging between 15-50 years at Allied Hospital Faisalabad. The swabs were inoculated on sheep blood and MacConkey agar for bacterial isolation. Gram staining and biochemical testing were done to identify the bacterial species. All resulted isolates were subjected to antibacterial sensitivity testing by Kirby Bauer diffusion method. RESULTS: High bacterial colonization rate (75%) was recorded in women among age group 26-35 years. Bacteria isolated in this study were Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus pneumonia, Escherichia coli, Micrococcus spp. Acinetobacter bauminii, Peptostreptococcus spp. and Enterobacter faecalis. The bacterial isolates showed highest resistance against tetracycline, ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin and were sensitive to meropenem, gentamycin, clindamycin and kanamycin. CONCLUSION: In conclusion our findings evidenced that bacterial vaginosis is prevalent in women and showed resistant patterns to clinical antibiotics.
Sadia Razzaq, Muhammad Imran Arshad , Mashkoor Mohsin Gillani , Sana Shahid
Effects Of Standardized Guidelines For Knowledge And Practice Of Safe Intravenous Therapy Among The Pediatrics Nurses at private hospital Lahore
Background and Objectives: Intravenous therapy is a crucial aspect of pediatric care, but it carries risks if not administered safely. Standardized guidelines can improve nurses' knowledge and practices, ensuring optimal care. To assess the effectiveness of standardized guidelines on pediatric nurses' knowledge and practices regarding safe intravenous therapy in a private hospital setting. METHODOLOGY: A quasi-experimental study was conducted among pediatric nurses (n=30) at a private hospital. Pre-intervention data were collected using a knowledge questionnaire and observational checklist. Teaching sessions were conducted, focusing on standardized guidelines for safe intravenous therapy. Post-intervention data were collected after 6 weeks. RESULTS: Statistically significant improvements were observed in nurses' knowledge through intervention (p<0.001) and practices (p<0.01) regarding safe intravenous therapy. The mean knowledge score increased from 60.4% to 85.6%, and the mean practice score increased from 70.2% to 92.1%. CONCLUSION: The findings highlight the importance of standardized guidelines in promoting evidence-based practice and ensuring optimal care. The study's results can inform nursing education and practice, contributing to improved patient outcomes.
Rubab Bushra , Maryam Rehman , Munazza Tabasum , Esha Farooq , Hajra Sarwar
Assess The Level of Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Among Mothers About Colostrum Feeding
Background and Objectives: Colostrum is crucial for maintaining new born health supporting their growth and development and preventing infections. It contains more nutrients than mature breast milk, such as vitamin A and E, carotenoids, protein, and minerals, but less glucose and urea. Additionally, colostrum contains a high amount of carbohydrates, sodium chloride, and less lipids and potassium than mature milk. METHODOLOGY: A cross – sectional study was conducted at gynae and OPD departments of Ali Fatima hospital Lahore. A simple random sampling technique was used to recruit 160 participants. The data was analyzed by SPSS version 20. For continues variable frequency and percentage were computed. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of knowledge, attitude and practice was 81%, 66%, and 65%. 38.1% Mothers believed that colostrum can cause illness, 39% culture were the reason of colostrum avoidance. Honey and non-human milk were commonest pre lacteal feeding. CONCLUSION: The knowledge was very high on the other hand attitude and practice of colostrum feeding was very low. So, the health education system should promote the practice of colostrum feeding and should develop positive attitude towards colostrum feeding.
Madiha shahid, Urwa-tul-wasqa, Mehwish Saleem, Amina Kainat, Kanwal Zubair
Optimizing Online Education through Feedback from CMH-LMC & IOD Dental Students
Background and Objectives: Learning and academic performance have been interrupted throughout the COVID-19 epidemic period for students worldwide, mostly because of the switch from in-person on-campus instruction to online instruction. Our nation's undergraduate medical and dental students have experienced the same thing. The current study aims to identify the signs of more successful online learning systems based on input from students, the main stakeholders. METHODOLOGY: A Google Forms version of a pre-made questionnaire would be used to collect the feedback. Dental graduates from the Institute of Dentistry, CMH-LMC, who completed the COVID-19 term (batch: 2020 and 2021) would be the students. The students' responses would thereafter be entered into Microsoft Excel-19 spreadsheets and statistically analysed to identify the key components of their declined academic performance. RESULTS: Significant relationships were found by the Chi-square analysis between participants' attitudes toward online education and the efficacy of COVID-19 measures ( ²=12.75, =0.013) as well as between the perceived advantages of integrated education and the drawbacks of online learning ( ²=18.45, =0.019). There were negligible correlations between the drawbacks of integrated learning and internet connectivity ( ²=8.32, =0.216). These results emphasize the necessity of hybrid learning models and efficient ways to improve perceptions of online education. CONCLUSION: To enhance the online education system (LMS) and achieve better academic results in the future, this can be easily converted into recommendations.
Health Literacy: A Transformative Force in Preventing Disease
Even today, in our information-saturated society, health illiteracy is a reality. However, there is also a large percentage of people who are unable to know what is real and what isn't (Fake), which leads to making unhealthy decisions and living unhealthy lifestyles. Health literacy, as the power to learn, under stand, and use health information, is not a method; it is a quiet force that decides if populations flourish in wellness or perish from avoidable disease. Above everything else, in nations such as Pakistan, where healthcare access is disproportionate and misinformation reigns, health literacy focus can be a transformative step toward preventing disease (1). Health literacy is not just about reading prescription labels or under standing a doctor's advice; it prepares people to question, analyze, and make informed decisions about their well-being (2). In Pakistan, the issues of low health literacy are com pounded by high levels of misinformation, traditional cultural beliefs, and limited access to reliable health information (3). The infant mortality rate is high, too — many women do not receive prenatal care simply because they are unaware of the health risks to them selves and their unborn. Enhancing health literacy through school curriculums, digital health platforms, and community-based education is crucial, contributing to healthier populations and decreasing the burden on healthcare infrastructure. Innovative Approaches to Health Literacy Public health campaigns have failed to improve public health indicators in Pakistan because rural areas suffer from low literacy and limited access to health information. However, new methods for effectively realizing health literacy approaches are surfacing — based on digital innovation, and behavioral psychology (4). Gamification presents a successful approach by embedding health education within mobile games and apps to attract younger populations. The focus of digital health applications on telemedicine services has led to a neglect of educating users regarding disease prevention and health management. The healthcare industry suffers a significant gap because it lacks inter active platforms that focus on teaching the socio-cultural and linguistic aspects of Pakistan. Chatbots that use artificial intelligence to answer health questions in native languages can help improve health literacy levels. Scaling such technologies to deliver essential, localized health literacy information can enable people to make informed health decisions (5). Health communication incorporating storytelling through documentaries and podcasts about real-life experiences creates narratives that connect with Pakistani audiences and opens opportunities for health literacy improvement and behavioral change. A Call to Action for All Stakeholders Improving health literacy focuses on governments or healthcare systems and everyone coming together for the common good. Policymakers should consider health literacy an essential part of national health policies, including education and community development initiatives. Public health laws need to require clear patient information, and health services need to be aimed at people of all literacy levels. Creating an environment that motivates curiosity and can stimulate critical thinking skills tremendously enhances health literacy. People should be responsible for interrogating health claims, looking for several ways to confirm them, and discussing health with their families and communities. Schools, workplaces, and even places of worship can be used to host participatory health literacy workshops and help society adjust proactively instead of reactively concerning health. Conclusion Health literacy is not just an academic endeavor—it could adversely affect the future of public health. While bullying behavior may inflict personal distress, misinformation, culture, and disproportionality in the healthcare system can all inhibit disease avoidance behavior, then the resulting chaos will continue to create a demand and urgency for reform in the area of health literacy education. Thanks to technology development, community programs, and health education policy reform, a nation can help make good use of health literacy to fight against applicable sicknesses. To implement a healthier world, we need information that must be accessible, engaging, and crucially actionable. A health-literate citizenry in Pakistan is possible, but the country needs the vision to transition awareness to authentic practice.
Prevalence of Lumbago in Construction Workers of Lahore: A cross-sectional Study
Background and Objectives: Building industry is the most important and main industry of the world in field of construction. Jobs that are either actually hard or need repetitive lifting are a high threat for back ache. The construction workers are at risk of such musculoskeletal injuries. The main objective of the study is to find out the prevalence of lumbago in construction workers of Lahore. METHODOLOGY: Cross- sectional study was conducted to determine the frequency of lumbago in construction workers. The total participants were 100 of age between 20 to 40 years. Data was collected from the construction sites in Lahore. Structured questionnaire was used in data collection. Simple non probability convenient sampling technique was used to collect the data. RESULTS: There were total 100 participants, out of them 72% (n=72) participants have lumbar discomfort and 28% (n=28) participants were without lumbar discomfort.45% (n=45) were those who had no radiation of pain on either side and 55% (n=55) are those who had radiating back pain. Pain and incorrect posture are negatively correlated (r value -0.92). CONCLUSION: Lumbago is highly prevalent in construction workers. Working position and long working hours are strong contributing factors in lumbago. Poor posture and pain are negatively correlated (p value <0.05 and r value is -0.92). The overall prevalence of lumbago among the construction workers in studied population is about 72%.
Muhammad Zain Ul Bashir , Aqsa Nazir Khan , Bisma Saleem
Analysis of Optometry students responses towards ethical dilemmas in eye out door patients
Background and Objectives: Ethical dilemmas have been explored in various areas of healthcare, they have not been as extensively addressed within the field of optometry. Addressing these dilemmas is essential to ensure ethical decision-making and enhance patient care in optometry. To evaluate differences in responses between academic levels regarding ethical dilemmas among optometry students in their practice, and to report the frequency at which they encountered some common potential ethical dilemmas. METHODOLOGY: The research protocols were approved by Ethical Review Board of College of Ophthalmology and Allied Vision Sciences, Lahore. A performa based cross-sectional study was conducted in College of ophthalmology Allied Vision Science, Mayo Hospital Lahore from March 2024 to August 2024. Cross sectional study design was employed and a total of 95 optometry students participated in this study. Informed consent was taken and a structured questionnaire was developed to evaluate optometry students’ responses to Ethical dilemmas in eye patient outdoor and to report the frequency at which they encountered some common potential ethical dilemmas. Sample was collected by using Non probability convenience sampling. Frequencies and percentages were calculated for each question. All the data had been entered and analyzed using statistical package for social science (SPSS Version 25.00). In this study, qualitative variables had been analyzed by applying chi square test P- Value of ≤ 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: Optometry students across academic levels exhibited similar responses to ethical dilemmas, with no significant differences based on academic year. Given the p-values for each ethical dilemma, analysis reveals that issues such as Conflict of opinion with hostile, aggressive patients) and Termination of the relationship with patients having behavioral problems (show significant p-values (p value < 0.05 i.e. 0.03 and 0.02, respectively), indicating significant relationships, while other issues shows statistically insignificant (P-values > 0.05), regardless of the academic year variable applied. CONCLUSION: Comprehensive ethics education ensures consistent ethical competence among optometry students across academic years, strengthened by clinical practice integration.
Effect of type & size of fibroid on Uterine Artery Doppler Indices
Background and Objectives: Fibroids are a common occurrence in women of reproductive age, with significant prevalence in the population studied. These benign tumors can impact various aspects of reproductive health, including fertility and blood flow to the uterus. Uterine artery Doppler indices are a reliable measure of blood flow and can provide valuable information for the management of fibroids. By investigating the effect of size and type of fibroids on uterine artery Doppler indices, this study expands the existing knowledge and contributes to improved care for women with fibroids. METHODOLOGY: A descriptive study was conducted in Gilani ultrasound center for the duration of 7 months to find the effect of type and size of fibroid on uterine artery Doppler indices. With Toshiba Xario Prime with convex probe frequency of 3.5MHz.A sample of 68 patients with different types and size of fibroid on uterine artery. The statistical programed for social sciences (SPSS) version 25.0 was used to analyze the data. RESULTS: 68 patients were enrolled for this study Mean age of women was 37.39. Out of a total of 68 patients, 24 (35.3%) had intramural fibroid, +24 (35.3%) had submucosal fibroid and twenty patients had sub serosal fibroid 20 (29.4%) of them. The relationship between Fibroid size and Right uterine artery with a significance level (P) 0.64 indicates a non-significant association. The relationship between Fibroid size and left uterine artery with significance level (P) 0.549 indicates a non-significant association. Relationship between Fibroid type and right uterine artery with a significance level (P) 0.47 indicates a non-significant association. Relationship between Fibroid type and left uterine artery with a significance level (P) 0.667 indicates a non-significance association. CONCLUSION: Study concluded that no association found between the size and type of fibroid.
SAIF ULLAH KHAN , MUHAMMAD UZAIR , ZAIN UL HASSAN , AYESHA NASIR , RAMSHA BATOOL , SUMIYA AMJAD , SAMIA NAWAZ , PAKEEZA ASGHAR , SUNILA AZHAR
Spectrum of Interstitial Lung Disease at Tertiary Care Hospital in Lahore
Background and Objectives: Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is a family of lung diseases characterized by inflammation and scarring of the lung tissue, alveolar walls, alveolar ducts, and bronchioles. The nature of such diseases is rather diverse, and they can be caused by any number of factors of manifest different progression patterns; thus, correct diagnosis is crucial here. To compare the range of ILDs among patients admitted to a tertiary care hospital in Lahore. METHODOLOGY: This cross-sectional study recruited 149 patients (121 male and 30 female) with suspected ILD using a convenient sampling technique from General Hospital Lahore. These symptoms were cough in 99 patients, shortness of breath in 112 patients and smoking in 97 patients. The diagnosis was done using HRCT through a Toshiba Aquiline 64 Slice CT scanner. RESULTS: Out of the 149 patients, 99 had cough, 112 had short breath, and 97 were smokers. The HRCT results showed that the middle right lung lobe was involved in 44%, the upper lung zone in 52% and the lower lung zone in 53% of smokers. There was a slight increase in Septal thickening (33%) and focal to moderate honeycombing (35%) in the upper left lobe. The ages ranged from 48 to 73 years. CONCLUSION: The findings of this study show that ILDs are more prevalent in females as compared to males. The common symptoms of ILDs are similar to tuberculosis, which suggests that the disease remains grossly unrecognized and underdiagnosed. Some drugs, including chemotherapeutic agents and anti-inflammatory drugs, have been found to induce the formation of ILD.
Muhammad Saad Siddique, Muhammad Shaheryar, Iqra Ramzan, Sadia Yaseen, Muskan Yaseen, Hamza Azam
Contemporary trends in diabetic retinopathy and its complications among type 2 diabetes mellituspatients visiting a tertiary care hospital in Lahore
Background and Objectives: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic or long-term disorder with comorbidities like hypertension nephropathy, stroke, ischemic heart disease, and retinopathy. Diabetic retinopathy is a serious complication of the retina and a cause of the long-term existing condition of diabetes mellitus. Diabetic retinopathy is a threatening condition of blindness. It contributes 2.6% and 1.9% of visual impairment globally by 2010 and is expected to increase over time. To find out the frequency of diabetic retinopathy among patients with known diabetes mellitus type-2. METHODOLOGY: A cross-sectional study of 09 months duration was carried out with 375 participants after the IRB approval. The sampling technique was a non-probability convenient sampling technique. Data was received on a self-structured questionnaire and analyzed by the software SPSS 26 and the results were presented in figures. RESULTS: A total of 375 participants including 164 (43.7%) males and 213 (56.13%) females were assessed with the mean age group of 53 with a standard deviation of 9.22. Co-morbid conditions like hypertension were noticed in 244 (65.1%), dyslipidemia in 155 (41.3%), obesity in 109 (29.1%), and Ischemic heart disease in 123 (32.8%) participants. A higher incidence was noted in participants with Diabetes Mellitus present for more than 5 years. Results also showed that 244 (65.1%) participants were on oral treatment. 97 (25.9%) visited regularly to a general physician and 48 (12.8%) visited an ophthalmologist regularly. Diabetic retinopathy was noted in 321 (43%) participants in both eyes, Mild non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy was found in both eyes in 108 (28.8%) participants, moderate in 148 (39.4%) participants, and severe in 64 (8.2%) participants. Proliferative diabetic retinopathy was found in 105 (28%), while macular edema was found in 116 (30.85%) participants. CONCLUSION: Diabetic retinopathy is a global public health issue that leads to blindness with a marked prevalence. Awareness may resolve the condition for preventing and controlling blindness caused by diabetes mellitus.
Muhammad Iqbal Javaid , Tahira Ashraf , Ahsan Iqbal
Prevalence of Urinary Tract Infections in Diabetic and Diabetic Ketoacidosis Patients
Background and Objectives: Diabetes mellitus has long been considered to be a predisposing factor for urinary tract infection (UTI) because of sugar in the urine, which serves as media for the growth of bacteria. The colonized urinary tract can also accelerate the prolonged release of bacteria with an increased risk of complications of the urinary system, ranging from dysuria (pain or burning sensation during urination) to organ damage and sometimes even death. To determine the frequency of urinary tract infections in diabetic ketoacidosis patients. METHODOLOGY: A total of 116 diabetic patients presenting with diabetic ketoacidosis aged 1 to 15 years of either gender were included. Patients with a history of antibiotic therapy taken within the last two weeks, renal stones and urinary tract anomalies were excluded. After this, clean-catch midstream urine was collected from each patient into a sterile universal container and sent to the institutional pathology laboratory for microscopic examination and the presence or absence of UTI was noted. RESULTS: The age range in this study was from 5 to 14 years with a mean age of 8.75 ± 2.44 years. The majority of the patients 61 (52.59%) were from 9-15 years of age. Out of 116 patients, 69 (59.48%) were males and 47 (40.52%) were females with male to female ratio of 1.5:1. This study has shown the frequency of urinary tract infections in diabetic ketoacidosis patients as 42 (36.21%). CONCLUSION: This study has shown that the frequency of urinary tract infections in diabetic ketoacidosis patients is quite high.
Effect of Supplementing Xylanase, Manase and Proteases Combination in Corn Based Diets onGrowth Performances, Carcass Characteristics and Nutrient Digestibility Broiler Chicken
Background and Objectives: The study aimed to assess the effects of supplementing a combination of xylanase, mannanase, and proteases in corn-based diets on the growth performance, carcass characteristics, and nutrient digestibility of broiler chickens. These enzymes were supplemented at different levels of nutrient density during the starter and finisher phases of broiler growth. The objective was to determine whether supplementing a combination of xylanase, mannanase, and proteases would improve growth performance, carcass traits, and nutrient digestibility in broiler chickens. METHODOLOGY: Six diets were formulated with three nutrient density levels (high density [HD], medium density [MD], and low density [LD]) and two enzyme supplementation levels using Winzyme MXP® (0.01%) containing xylanase, mannanase, and proteases. Diets were fed during the starter phase (days 1–21) and finisher phase (days 22–35) to five replicates of 10 birds each. Parameters measured included feed intake, weight gain, feed conversion ratio, carcass characteristics, organ weights, and nutrient digestibility. RESULTS: Feed intake was similar across all diets (P>0.05). Weight gain was unaffected during the starter phase (P>0.05) but was higher in the finisher phase for the high-density diet (HD) and enzyme-supplemented diets (P<0.05). Feed conversion ratio (FCR) improved during the finisher phase and overall in HD and enzyme-supplemented diets (P<0.05). Carcass and organ weights showed no significant differences except for the highest gizzard weight and abdominal fat percentage in the medium-density diet (MD) (P<0.05).Crude protein digestibility was highest in the HD diet (P<0.05), while crude fat digestibility was highest in diets without enzymes (P<0.05). An interaction effect was observed for crude protein digestibility (P<0.05), but not for crude fat digestibility (P>0.05). CONCLUSION: Enzyme supplementation positively influenced growth performance, particularly during the finisher phase of the study. However, the interaction between diet density and enzyme supplementation did not significantly affect the overall growth performance or other measured parameters.
Muhammad Asfar Zaman, Nimra Fatima , Umme Farwa