Contemporary trends in diabetic retinopathy and its complications among type 2 diabetes mellituspatients visiting a tertiary care hospital in Lahore
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.71395/ijhp.1.4.2024.24-30Abstract
Background and Objectives: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic or long-term disorder with comorbidities like hypertension nephropathy, stroke, ischemic heart disease, and retinopathy. Diabetic retinopathy is a serious complication of the retina and a cause of the long-term existing condition of diabetes mellitus. Diabetic retinopathy is a threatening condition of blindness. It contributes 2.6% and 1.9% of visual impairment globally by 2010 and is expected to increase over time. To find out the frequency of diabetic retinopathy among patients with known diabetes mellitus type-2.
METHODOLOGY: A cross-sectional study of 09 months duration was carried out with 375 participants after the IRB approval. The sampling technique was a non-probability convenient sampling technique. Data was received on a self-structured questionnaire and analyzed by the software SPSS 26 and the results were presented in figures.
RESULTS: A total of 375 participants including 164 (43.7%) males and 213 (56.13%) females were assessed with the mean age group of 53 with a standard deviation of 9.22. Co-morbid conditions like hypertension were
noticed in 244 (65.1%), dyslipidemia in 155 (41.3%), obesity in 109 (29.1%), and Ischemic heart disease in 123 (32.8%) participants. A higher incidence was noted in participants with Diabetes Mellitus present for more than
5 years. Results also showed that 244 (65.1%) participants were on oral treatment. 97 (25.9%) visited regularly to a general physician and 48 (12.8%) visited an ophthalmologist regularly. Diabetic retinopathy was noted in
321 (43%) participants in both eyes, Mild non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy was found in both eyes in 108 (28.8%) participants, moderate in 148 (39.4%) participants, and severe in 64 (8.2%) participants. Proliferative
diabetic retinopathy was found in 105 (28%), while macular edema was found in 116 (30.85%) participants.
CONCLUSION: Diabetic retinopathy is a global public health issue that leads to blindness with a marked prevalence. Awareness may resolve the condition for preventing and controlling blindness caused by diabetes mellitus.
References
American Diabetes Association (2021). 2. Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2021. Diabetes care,
(Suppl 1), S15–S33. https://- doi.org/10.2337/dc21-S002
Putra, R. E., Tjandrasa, H., Suciati, N., & Wicaksono, A. Y. (2020, October). Non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy classification based on hard exudates using a combination, and morphology. In 2020 Third International Conference on Vocational Education and Electrical Engineering (ICVEE) (pp. 1-6). IEEE.
R. E. Putra, H. Tjandrasa, N. Suciati, and A. Y. Wicaksono, "Non-Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy Classification Based on Hard Exudates Using Combination of FRCNN, Morphology, and ANFIS," 2020 Third International Conference on Vocational Education and Electrical Engineering (ICVEE), Surabaya, Indonesia, 2020, pp. 1-6.
Smith-Morris, C., Bresnick, G. H., Cuadros, J., Bouskill, K. E., & Pedersen, E. R. (2020). Diabetic Retinopathy and the Cascade into Vision Loss. Medical anthropology, 39(2), 109–122. https://- doi.org/10.1080/01459740.2018.1425839 5. Martins, B., Amorim, M., Reis, F., Ambrósio, A. F., & Fernandes, R. (2020). Extracellular Vesicles and MicroRNA: Putative Role in Diagnosis and Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy. Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland), 9(8), 705. https://-
doi.org/10.3390/antiox9080705
Yuno, A., Ikota, A., Koizumi, S., Mashio, Y., Imaizumi, H., Sawamura, Y., & Shimatsu, A. (2022). Advanced proliferative diabetic retinopathy and macular edema in acromegaly: a case report and literature review. Diabetology International, 13(3), 575–579. https://- doi.org/10.1007/s13340-022-00571-4
Zhu, Y., Li, J., Yu, S., Mao, B., & Ying, J. (2022). Clinical Comparative Study of Intravitreal Injection of Triamcinolone Acetonide and Aflibercept in the Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy Cystoid Macular Edema. Emergency Medicine International, 2022, 1348855. https://- doi.org/10.1155/2022/1348855 (Retraction published Emerg Med Int. 2024 Jan 24;2024:9787343.
Agarwal, D., Udeh, B., Campbell, J., Bena, J., & Rachitskaya, A. (2021). Follow Up Appointment Delay in Diabetic Macular Edema Patients. Ophthalmic
surgery, lasers & imaging retina, 52(4), 200–206. https://doi.org/10.3928/23258160-20210330-04
McGill, J. B., & Bell, D. S. (2006). Anemia and the role of erythropoietin in diabetes. Journal of diabetes and its complications, 20(4), 262–272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2005.08.001
Rani, P. K., Raman, R., Rachapalli, S. R., Kulothungan, V., Kumaramanickavel, G., & Sharma, T. (2010). Prevalence of refractive errors and associated
risk factors in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus SN-DREAMS, report 18. Ophthalmology, 117(6), 1155–1162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2009.10.025
Al Busaidi, N., Shanmugam, P., & Manoharan, D. (2019). Diabetes in the Middle East: Government Health Care Policies and Strategies that Address
the Growing Diabetes Prevalence in the Middle East. Current diabetes reports, 19(2), 8. https://- doi.org/10.1007/s11892-019-1125-6
Chew EY, Benson WE, Remaley NA, Lindley AA, Burton TC, Csaky K, Williams GA, Ferris FL 3rd. Results after lens extraction in patients with diabetic retinopathy: early treatment diabetic retinopathy study report number 25. Arch Ophthalmol. 1999 Dec;117(12):1600-6. https:// doi.org/10.1001/archopht.117.12.1600
Klein BE, Moss SE, Klein R, Surawicz TS. The Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy. XIII. Relationship of serum cholesterol to retinopathy and hard exudate. Ophthalmology. 1991 Aug;98(8):1261-5. https://-
doi.org/10.1016/s0161-6420(91)32145-6
Raza, A., Khan, I., Sami, H., Ejaz, A., & Ahmed, Z. (2019). “Diabetic retinopathy–knowledge, attitude and practices (KAP) in diabetic patients
admitted in Tertiary Care Centers of Peshar– Khyber Pakhtunkhwa”. The Professional Medical Journal, 26(08), 1370-1376. https://-
doi.org/10.29309/TPMJ/2019.26.08.3805
Alzahrani, S. H., Bakarman, M. A., Alqahtani, S. M., Alqahtani, M. S., Butt, N. S., Salawati, E. M., ... & Saad, K. (2018). Awareness of diabetic retinopathy among people with diabetes in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Therapeutic advances in endocrinology and metabolism, 9(4), 103-112. https://-
doi.org/10.1177/2042018818758621
Adil, M., Siddiqui, S., Waghdhare, S., Bhargava, A., & Jha, S. (2017). Awareness of retinal screening in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus: Are we meeting standards of care?. Asian Journal of Medical Sciences, 8(6), 9-12. https://-
doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v8i6.18058
Ejigu, T., & Tsegaw, A. (2021). Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy and risk factors among diabetic patients at university of Gondar tertiary eye care and training center, North-West Ethiopia. Middle East African journal of ophthalmology, 28(2), 71-80. DOI: 10.4103/meajo.meajo_24_21
Jiraporncharoen, W., Pinyopornpanish, K., Junjom, Exploring perceptions, attitudes and beliefs of Thai patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus as they relate to medication adherence at an out-patient primary care clinic in Chiang Mai,
Thailand. BMC Fam Pract 21, 173 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12875-020-01233-7
M. Sue Kirkman, Susanna R. Williams, Helena H. Caffrey, David G. Marrero; Impact of a Program to Improve Adherence to Diabetes Guidelines by Primary Care Physicians . Diabetes Care 1 November 2002; 25 (11): 1946–1951. https://-
doi.org/10.2337/diacare.25.11.1946
Hainsworth DP, Bebu I, Aiello LP, Sivitz W, Gubitosi- Klug R, Malone J, White NH, Danis R, Wallia A, Gao X, Barkmeier AJ. Risk factors for retinopathy in type 1 diabetes: the DCCT/EDIC study. Diabetes Care. 2019 May 1;42(5):875-82.
https://doi.org/10.2337/dc18-2308
Song, K. H., Jeong, J. S., Kim, M. K., Kwon, H. S., Baek, K. H., Ko, S. H., & Ahn, Y. B. (2019). Discordance in risk factors for the progression of diabetic retinopathy and diabetic nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Journal of
diabetes investigation, 10(3), 745–752. https://- doi.org/10.1111/jdi.12953.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal of Healthcare Professions
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
This is an open-access journal and all the published articles / items are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. For comments ijhp@giu.edu.pk
